Space Shuttle Discovery:


 the space shuttle.
It's kind of like a space plane.
It launched like a rocket,
but then landed like an airplane on a runway.
at the inside of the orbiter vehicle.
We'll see the crew compartment, the payload bay and all the way to the engines on the very back. A fun and interactive way to learn math, science and engineering.
The space shuttle was used by NASA for 30 years and flew 135 missions. 2011 was the last time the space shuttle was flown.
The space shuttle consists of the orbiter vehicle, the orange external tank, and then the two white solid rocket boosters or SRBs for short. The external tank is basically a big fuel container for the three main engines.
The two SRBs each carry their own fuel.
This is a partially reusable system.
The orbiter and the two SRBs are reusable,
but the external tank was not reusable.
They had to make a new one for each mission. Keep in mind that a lot of people call this part
the space shuttle even though technically
this is just one part of the space shuttle.
So, orbiter vehicle or space shuttle.
Sometimes these terms are used interchangeably.  Let me show you what a typical mission looked like.
The space shuttle was launched
from Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The two SRBs did most of the work for the first two minutes. At that point they were detached
and fell back down to the earth
where they would be recovered and used for a future mission.
The three main engines are on their own
for the next six and a half minutes.
After that the orange external tank was separated and it fell down to the earth
where it burned up in the atmosphere.
The three main engines are now dead weight
and won't be used for the remainder of the mission.
The last push to get into orbit
is done by the two smaller OMS motors.
Now the shuttle will circle the earth once every 90 minutes.
That's a speed of 28,000 kilometers per hour.
The payload bay doors will be opened once they are in space.
And in fact for most of the time
the orbiter will be facing backwards as it orbits the earth.
This protects the astronauts in case of any space debris. Many of the missions were around 320 kilometers high, but some missions went as high as 550 kilometers. Anywhere in this area is called low earth orbit
and it's where all of the shuttle missions happened. At the end of the mission,
the OMS motor fires up to slow the spacecraft down.
It doesn't change the speed by much,
but it's enough to send it on a path
back through the atmosphere
and things are going to get a little hot.
This part is called reentry.
Once we're close to the ground,
the orbiter glides down to the runway.
The wheels are extended
and the orbiter lands similar to an airplane.
This red parachute helps to slow it down on the runway.
Now remember the orbiter is reusable.
launch vehicles were only designed to be used once.
You had to build a new one for each mission, but with the space shuttle, the orbiter vehicle could be reused for many missions.
There were five of them built to travel into space: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour.
And actually there was another one called Enterprise.
The very first orbiter to be built.
This one never flew in space,
but it was only used for tests here on earth.
Challenger and Columbia were both destroyed in accidents,
but the other four orbiters can be found in museums here in the United States.
Let's take a closer look at the orbiter.
(bright music)
Some have called this
the most complex flying machine ever built.
On most missions it had a crew of seven astronauts
and stayed in space for one to two weeks.
It is 37 meters long and 24 meters wide.
For comparison here's the Apollo Spacecraft
which landed astronauts on the moon
and here is a Boeing 747.
Let's take a look at the main parts of the orbiter
and then I'll show you more of what's on the inside. The main body down the center is called the fuselage.
We can break this up into three parts:
The forward, mid and the aft fuselage.
The aft fuselage has a vertical stabilizer in the middle and three engines on the back.
These are called the space shuttle main engines.
The two smaller ones up here
are called the OMS rocket motors,
and OMS stands for Orbital Maneuvering System.
The mid fuselage has the wings attached to each side
and then in the center is the payload bay.
Sometimes called the cargo bay.
This is where they would transport large items into space.
Forward fuselage has the nose cone
and the full reaction control system module.
These tiny holes are thrusters which can help change
the orientation of the shuttle in space.
And most importantly the crew compartment.
This is where the astronauts spend most of their time. On the bottom is the thermal protection system
otherwise known as the heat shield.
There are more than 27,000 silica tiles
to protect the shuttle from the enormous heat of reentry.
There are three doors on the bottom
that contain the landing gear.
These open up once the shuttle gets close to the runway.
Okay, we've seen the outside of the shuttle,
now let's take a look at the inside
starting with the crew compartment.
There are three levels in here:
The flight deck, the mid deck and the equipment bay.
The flight deck has the controls to fly the orbiter.
The commander is on the left and the pilot is on the right.
There are two more seats directly behind,
but these will be stowed away
for most of their time in space.

At the back of the flight deck there's more control panels.

These two windows look directly into the payload bay.
There's also two windows on top and six in the front.
The flight deck has a hole on the floor
that leads down to the mid deck.
There's a ladder, but when you're in space you can just float through.
The mid deck is where the crew eats,
sleeps and does some of their work.
These are the lockers to store equipment
and personal belongings of the astronauts.
These are the sleep stations.
It can fit three astronauts horizontally.
More astronauts sleep in bags attached to the side here.
There's no gravity in space
so sleeping is a bit different than here on earth.
This is the galley used to prepare food.
Don't forget about the bathroom in space.
This is called the waste collection system.
This is the airlock
for when astronauts get in their space suits
and then go outside to access the payload bay.
Behind this row of lockers is the avionics bay.
This holds equipment and computers
that can help fly the shuttle.
Several seats can be set up in the mid deck
for launch and reentry.
The shuttle was designed to fit six to eight astronauts.
On most missions there were seven,
three on the mid deck and four on the flight deck.
Below the mid deck is the equipment bay
which holds the waste management systems, water tanks,
pumps, and more storage space.
The crew compartment here
is the only pressurized part of the orbiter,
which means is the only part that astronauts can be in
without a space suit.
The side hatch is how they enter
and leave the orbiter on earth.
The hatch is not used while they're in space.
If they did it would suck all the air out.
Not good.
When it's time for some of the astronauts to go outside,
they'll use the airlock.
For now I'm going to skip over the payload bay.
We'll come back to it.
The engines are in the aft fuselage
which is in the very back.
This is the thrust structure which contains three holes
for the space shuttle main engines.
These are RS-25 engines
which are powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
The fuels are stored in the external tank
during the launch through the atmosphere.
The fuel was fed through the belly of the orbiter
and back to the three engines.
The fuel is extremely cold before it is burned.
The hydrogen is pumped down the side of each engine
and then back up the inside through many smaller tubes.
In this way the fuel was used as the cooling system

before it is burned.

All three engines can be gimbaled from side to side
or up and down.
This was done during the launch to steer the orbiter.
Right above there's
the orbital maneuvering system rocket motors.
These helped give the final push into orbit
at the beginning of the mission
and also slow the spacecraft down at the end of the mission.
The OMS is actually made of two pods
on each side of the vertical stabilizer.
These contain their own fuel and oxidizer tanks.
You'll also notice
that there are more tiny thrusters out here.
There's even more of them underneath.
This is part of the reaction control system or RCS.
We saw earlier in the video that there are RCS thrusters
in the front as well.
All three RCS modules can work together
to change the orientation of the shuttle.
The orbiter has several parts
which are very similar to what an airplane has.
The wings, the elevons, the body flap,
and the vertical stabilizer with a rudder on the back.
This rudder can also function as a speed break.
These parts don't really matter in the vacuum of space,
but they will matter once we're close to the ground
and ready to land.
Okay, now let's take a closer look at the payload bay.
Once in orbit around the earth,
the payload bay doors are opened up to expose the inside.
It's very important to get these doors open
because they have radiator panels on the inside
to help get rid of excess heat.
The bay is big enough to fit a payload
of up to 18 meters long and 4.6 meters in diameter.
This was used to launch many satellites
including the Hubble Space Telescope.
It was also used to launch modules
for the International Space Station.
On some missions they carried a module called Spacelab,
which has extra working space for science experiments.
The astronauts can get in here
by floating through the access tunnel.
Along the left side of the cargo bay, there's a robotic arm
called the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System
also known as the Canadarm.
This was a contribution by Canada.
It was operated from the controls
at the back of the flight deck.
They looked right through this window.
The Canadarm was used to grab
and move payloads around in space.
It was also used to move astronauts around as well.
When astronauts put on their space suits and go outside,
it's called an EVA or extravehicular activity.
The astronauts put their spacesuits on in the airlock
then they can open up the hatch on the other side
and go out into the vacuum of space.
Later shuttle missions
had the airlock in the mid deck removed
and another one was installed inside of the payload bay.
This whole system is called the orbital docking system.
Here's the airlock, the supporting thrust structure
and this top part is the docking mechanism.
This is how the space shuttle was able to dock.    The International space station 
to the International Space Station.
Once it's docked the astronauts can freely float
to and from the station.
(soft music)
The orbiter does not have batteries or solar panels.
All of the electricity is generated
underneath the payload bay.
You'll notice several spherical shape tanks
for liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
Then at the front there are three fuel cells.
The hydrogen and oxygen are combined by the fuel cells
to generate electricity.
As a side effect this also creates water
which can then be used for the cooling system
or as drinking water for the astronauts.
The technology used in the space shuttle
would not have been possible without talented engineers
who can solve challenging problems
like how to launch a rocket into space
or use a giant robotic arm to move things around.
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How did the Orbiter Vehicle work? (Space Shuttle)